A democratic deficit (or democracy deficit) is considered to be occurring when ostensibly democratic organizations or institutions (particularly governments) are seen to be falling short of fulfilling the principles of the parliamentary democracy in their practices or operation where representative and linked parliamentary integrity becomes widely discussed.[1]
The phrase democratic deficit is cited as first being used by the Young European Federalists in their Manifesto in 1977.[2] The phrase was also used by David Marquand in 1979, referring to the then European Economic Community, the forerunner of the European Union.[3]
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Many authors have argued that the United Nations suffers from a democratic deficit, because it lacks a body of directly elected representatives. The UN Parliamentary Assembly has been proposed as a way of ameliorating this deficit.[4] However, even the creation of such an organ would not affect the great power veto in the UN Security Council, under which important UN decisions can be vetoed by China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom or the United States. Reform of the UN Security Council through amendments to the United Nations Charter could change this, but such reform would itself be subject to the great power veto.
The European Union (EU) is a unique organisation – not a federal state, yet not just an International Organisation. Whether there is a democratic deficit in the EU depends on how it is viewed. Compared to an ideally democratic Nation-State the EU is less democratic and thus has a democratic deficit. If the EU, however, is compared to an International Organisation like the World Trade Organisation, the World Bank or the United Nations the EU has a democratic surplus.
The biggest democratic difficulties for the European Union are the low popular interest in the EU, the already low and consistently decreasing turnout in elections to the European Parliament, the divide between politicians and the general population on european integration, the complicated and technocratic nature of EU decision-making processes, and the activism of the European Court of Justice.
There is no consensus as to whether the Lisbon Treaty reduces or increases the democratic deficit in the European Union. The Lisbon Treaty increases the power of the democratically elected European Parliament and introduces the Citizen's initiative. The Lisbon Treaty is, however, being ratified by the governments of counties whose people would most likely reject the treaty if it was put to a democratic referendum.
Devolution was introduced in 1998 in Scotland and Wales, but not in England.
The Labour Party is in favour of devolution to Regions of England, whereas the Conservative Party prefers "English Votes on English Laws".[5] Some political parties such as the English Democrats Party want a full English parliament.[6] The Liberal Democrats are currently reviewing their policies on this subject.
OSCE mission monitoring the 2006 parliamentary elections mentioned that
| “ | Approximately 400,000 people in Latvia, some 18 per cent of the total population, have not obtained Latvian or any other citizenship and therefore still have the status of “non-citizens.” In the vast majority, these are persons who migrated to Latvia from within the former Soviet Union, and their descendants. Non-citizens do not have the right to vote in any Latvian elections, although they can join political parties. To obtain citizenship, these persons must go through a naturalization process, which over 50,000 persons have done since the 2002 Saeima election. The fact that a significant percentage of the adult population does not enjoy voting rights represents a continuing democracy deficit.[7] | ” |
In its previous report in 2002, OSCE/ODIHR mission has claimed that
| “ | Involving non-citizens in local decision-making could represent a first and tangible step toward eliminating the current democratic deficit[8] | ” |
As of 2011, non-citizens of Latvia have no voting rights not only at parliamentary, but also at local and European elections (citizens of other EU member states can vote in these elections).